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• COMMUNITY — antiquity middle ages character and structures functions and duties individual centers the muslim caliphate in the east …   Encyclopedia of Judaism

• AUTONOMY — AUTONOMY, the religious, legal, social, and cultural self sufficiency of the Jewish community within the sovereign non Jewish state or its subdivision; Jewish self government. Jewish autonomy was conditioned by both external and internal forces.… …   Encyclopedia of Judaism

• AUTONOMY, JUDICIAL — AUTONOMY, JUDICIAL, the right granted to Jews under non Jewish rule to administer justice and to execute judgment according to their own law and by their own judges. The practical administration of justice in the Jewish society of the Diaspora… …   Encyclopedia of Judaism

• BET DIN AND JUDGES — (Heb. בֵּית דִּין; lit. house of judgment ). Bet din (pl. battei din) is the term, in rabbinic sources, for a Jewish court of law. In modern times it usually refers to   an ecclesiastical court dealing with religious matters such as divorce, and… …   Encyclopedia of Judaism

• CHARITY — The obligation to help the poor and the needy and to give them gifts is stated many times in the Bible and was considered by the rabbis of all ages to be one of the cardinal mitzvot of Judaism. In the Bible The Bible itself legislates several… …   Encyclopedia of Judaism

• EDUCATION, JEWISH — This entry is arranged according to the following outline. Bibliography at the end of a section is indicated by (†). in the biblical period the nature of the sources historical survey the patriarchal period and the settlement the kingdom the… …   Encyclopedia of Judaism

• FINES — (Heb. קְנָסוֹת, kenasot) are distinguishable from damages in that they are not commensurate with the actual amount of damage suffered, whether such damage has been sustained by tortious act or by breach of contract or by an offense (see also… …   Encyclopedia of Judaism

• FRATERNAL SOCIETIES — FRATERNAL SOCIETIES, organizations for mutual aid, fellowship, life insurance, relief of distress, and sick and death benefits, frequently modeled on the freemason pattern. Jewish fraternal societies originated in the 19th century. In England the …   Encyclopedia of Judaism

• GABBAI — (Heb. גַּבַּאי, גַּבַּי), lay communal official. Derived from the Hebrew gavah (גָּבָה – to exact payment), the word is actually part of the complete title gabbai ẓedakah (charity warden) and all the relevant regulations, such as that individuals …   Encyclopedia of Judaism

• GEMILUT ḤASADIM — (Heb. גְּמִילוּת חֲסָדִים; lit., the bestowal of lovingkindness ), the most comprehensive and fundamental of all Jewish social virtues, which encompasses the whole range of the duties of sympathetic consideration toward one s fellow man. The… …   Encyclopedia of Judaism

• ḤAZAKAH — (Heb. חֲזָקָה; lit. possession, taking possession ), a term expressing three main concepts in Jewish law: (1) a mode of acquiring ownership; (2) a means of proving ownership or rights in property; (3) a factual legal presumption (praesumptio… …   Encyclopedia of Judaism